tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35752062296091646162024-03-17T20:01:13.966-07:00IGCSE PhysicsThis blog will cover and explain the specification for Edexcell triple science IGCSE 2013 Physics. Hope it helps :)HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-18511700420007029232017-03-16T09:25:00.003-07:002017-03-16T16:29:41.104-07:00Practice questions! Exclusive discount!Hello all you lovely revision yogis,<br />
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I hope exam prep is going well for everyone this year AND youre not getting too stressed out!<br />
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I wanted to let everyone know about a unique opportunity for a 20% discount for hannahhelp users for the revision site https://www.savemyexams.co.uk/<br />
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CODE: han20<br />
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This site has a tonne of resources for you to revise from: not only does it provide all the past papers in one place but has additional mock papers on top of that so you can take your revision even further! They've divided up all their material into managebale topic-based chunks as well, which you know I'm a fan of.<br />
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I could not get my hands on enough practice questions when I was doing my revision and would have been all over this site!<br />
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Apparently it's not just me who thinks past papers are a good idea, but, according to this researcher, studies show that practising past papers is the one thing all top students have in common!<br />
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So that's my little good luck gift to you all, use it wisely and stay clam!<br />
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Happy to have helped<br />
Hannah xHannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-81675617280155124922016-08-01T17:26:00.001-07:002016-08-01T17:26:37.100-07:00Comments<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Hi!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Please feel free to comment- extra information, corrections, helpful links and feedback are always welcome. But please be aware of how you phrase your comments; what you put out into the world is what you will receive from it. Negative energy on the internet harms the beauty of life and it's so sad that people should be fighting each other at such an important time for your futures.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> I appreciate all of you who stick up for me, it really does mean a lot, but I recommend not being aggressive to trolls as it only makes them stronger.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Apologies for anyone who has to read offensive comments, but unfortunately I don't keep up with my comments apart from corrections and legitimate queries so I don't delete or respond to unhelpful negative comments.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">If you have commented honestly and someone has sent you an unpleasant reply, please know that they only represent their own view and if you were just trying to do or say something helpful or kind that most people will respect what you have said (but you will unfortunately tend to only get a certain type of person reply).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">I really hope that no one with something helpful or kind to say is put off of commenting, because something I love about this blog is the way that everyone comes together to help each other out. Your greatest tool in an Internet conflict situation is that you don't need to read something if it is unpleasant and not designed to be helpful.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">With that out of the way, thank you to everyone who helped this year (both with info and positivity), and I hope you get the results that you wanted. And welcome/welcome back to anyone crusing the site this year.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Positivity and serenity to all,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Hannah Help o</span></div>
HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-61940945670971785822016-04-06T11:03:00.001-07:002016-08-24T16:21:23.581-07:00Nepal and Ads<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hello all loyal friends and fresh new faces,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I hope that you are keeping zen about your upcoming exams- I'm here for ya.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since January have been in Nepal! Volunteering with <a href="http://restlessdevelopment.org/">Restless Development</a> helping to improve livelyhoods and employment prospects in poverty stricken communities- check out my pics for a revision brake or give a little <a href="https://crowdfunding.justgiving.com/HAM-RD">donation</a> if you can (even a couple of quid goes a long way).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was an amazing experience and our work benefited so many people! Unfortunately though, there was nooooo wifi what so ever (I know), so I haven't made any adjustments in a while.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">So whilst I'm doing this keep an eye out for any helpful points in the comments (thank you so much for everyone who takes the time to comment feedback and corrections, keeping hannahhelp alive).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">One more point, which is that I am going to put some ads on the blog.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Though this may be controversial I hope y'all understand: I am trying to get together money for a plane flight to Africa so that I can volunteer there with a charity working to prevent the spread of AIDs in the young population.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do let me know if you think they are obtrusive or affecting your revision, because I can always take them down, but if not it's a win win- you're getting hannahhelp and I'm getting p ;)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Remember to work hard and relax hard- no slacking, no stressing. Ok?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Best of luck,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hannah x</span>HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-75464099014671179032015-09-29T06:34:00.001-07:002015-09-29T06:34:31.619-07:00ThanksHello all,<br />
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I just wanted to say a massive massive thank you to everyone who has commented on my blog over the years.<br />
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I've just tried to filter through some of the comments to make final corrections, as I have finished my schooling career so probably won't revisit hannahhelp to make edits in the future, and it has reminded me how lovely you all are.<br />
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People have written me the nicest praises and thanks that you could imagine and I am so grateful- I am just sorry that I can't reply to them all individually any more because there are so many! Just know that your words have touched me and I am thankful.<br />
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Corrections have been so helpful too as firstly (as you probably know) I can't really spell haha and secondly they have ironed out mistakes that I made. People have also added links and extra information, which has turned this from my blog into an even richer resource, acting as a hub for knowledge.<br />
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One of the best things that I have seen is people asking questions and other readers answering them! Asking questions gives an opportunity for clarification, not just for the person who asked but for everyone reading; and people who have given answers I commend you for giving your time to help me and everyone else.<br />
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I really hope that this culture of adding, debating and aiding continues even after I completely stop editing :')<br />
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Thank you all so much.<br />
Happy to have helped ;)<br />
Hannah.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-81024360447416004462014-04-30T13:10:00.001-07:002014-04-30T13:10:05.863-07:00ApologyThank you guys for all your comments that are coming in, I really do appreciate it.<br />
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Unfortunately I am also doing exams at the moment and there just isn't time to reply to them all.<br />
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I promise I will amend and converse as soon as I have the time!<br />
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Best of luck for your GCSEs!<br />
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Hannah :)HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-20612257342338841132013-08-25T05:13:00.001-07:002016-04-06T11:04:29.567-07:00NBUnfortunately I am not going to be taking physics A-level, and as much as I'd love to carry on all three of my science blogs, only biology will survive!<br />
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For anyone who is interested- or who I couldn't reply to before now- I got an A* in GCSE Edexcell Physics (bio A*, chem A*.) Everything I knew for the exam is on the blog :) Obviously the spec will change, making it less and less helpful each year :( but I'll leave it up as the information will hopefully still be helpful.<br />
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Corrections and questions are still welcome as I don't want to have incorrect information up- so will still be making minor changes.<br />
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Thank you for all the lovely comments, best of luck with physics,<br />
HannahHannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-7332379646031392552013-05-08T09:29:00.003-07:002016-04-06T11:04:45.167-07:00Woo!So I have now finished covering all of the specification for physics! Very exciting!<br />
Hopefully people will makes use of this, whilst also remembering that I may have made mistakes (please feel free to correct me.)<br />
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Good luck to everyone!<br />
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If I make any resources I may share them...<br />
In the mean time here are some of the resources that I have used when making my notes:<br />
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.gcsescience.com/index.html">http://www.gcsescience.com/index.html</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/risk.htm">http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/risk.htm</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/mechanics/">http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/mechanics/</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/magwire/index.html">http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/magwire/index.html</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9C873D6281FA9535">http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9C873D6281FA9535</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/TutorVista?feature=">http://www.youtube.com/user/TutorVista?feature=</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/scienceteacher09?feature=">http://www.youtube.com/user/scienceteacher09?feature=</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/PelletierPhysics?feature=">http://www.youtube.com/user/PelletierPhysics?feature=</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/PhysicsEH?feature=">http://www.youtube.com/user/PhysicsEH?feature=</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/highschphysics?feature=">http://www.youtube.com/user/highschphysics?feature=</a></li>
</ul>
HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-259826553412255682013-05-08T09:08:00.000-07:002013-05-08T09:08:01.465-07:005.5 understand that the pressure at a point in a gas or liquid which is at rest acts equally in all directionsIf you have a gas or liquid, it will be exerting an equal pressure in all directions.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-64072096293033944232013-05-08T09:06:00.001-07:002013-05-08T09:06:29.177-07:004.17 describe the advantages and disadvantages of methods of largescale electricity production from various renewable and nonrenewable resources.Fossil fuels: non renewable; release CO2.<div>
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Burning wood: renewable; release CO2; destroy habitats.</div>
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Wind power: visual pollution; produces small amounts of electricity for space and effort in comparison to other methods.</div>
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HEP: expensive to set up; limited places to put it; can kill fish.</div>
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Solar cells: rely on the weather.</div>
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Nuclear power: dangerous; many waste products.</div>
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There are many more types of power and fors/againsts but these are a few important ones.</div>
HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-91143492740113848582013-05-08T08:59:00.001-07:002013-05-08T08:59:43.381-07:001.26 recall that the weight of a body acts through its centre of gravityAn objects centre of gravity is where all of its weight acts through.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com229tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-48809722998304092692013-05-08T08:57:00.000-07:002013-05-08T08:57:42.483-07:007.20 understand the role played by the control rods and moderator when the fission process is used as an energy source to generate electricity.In nuclear power stations, nuclei are split by having neutrons fired at them, these release other neutrons as well as a large amount of energy. The energy is used to create electricity, and the radioactive by-products are disposed of.<br />
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Control rods can absorb neutrons. If there are two many neutrons the chain reaction could get out of control, so the control rods are lowered in to the reaction to absorb some neutrons and control the reaction.<br />
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The moderator slows neutrons down so that they are at the right speed to split nuclei, the moderator is usually water.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-20776372022270121972013-05-08T08:47:00.002-07:002013-05-08T08:47:32.355-07:007.19 understand that a chain reaction can be set up if the neutrons produced by one fission strike other U-235 nucleiWhen split by a neutron, uranium-235 releases neutrons (as well as splitting in half.) These neutrons can then go on to hit other U-235 nuclei which then do the same thing, this will be repeated in a chain reaction.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-7809143889310330982013-05-08T08:45:00.002-07:002013-05-08T08:45:33.432-07:007.18 understand that the fission of U-235 produces two daughter nuclei and a small number of neutronsWhen a neutron is fired at a uranium-235 nucleus, it splits in two. This leaves two 'daughter' nuclei.<br />
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At the same time, neutrons are emitted.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-6141725875993193402013-05-08T08:43:00.002-07:002013-05-08T08:43:43.018-07:007.17 understand that a nucleus of U-235 can be split (the process of fission) by collision with a neutron, and that this process releases energy in the form of kinetic energy of the fission productsUranium-235 has a large nucleus that can be split in two when a neutron is fired at it. This releases a large amount of energy as the products created move rapidly.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-30865981171790231752013-05-08T08:39:00.001-07:002013-05-11T04:39:13.830-07:007.16 describe Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom and how it accounts for the results of Geiger and Marsden’s experiment and understand the factors (charge and speed) which affect the deflection of alpha particles by a nucleusThe nuclear model of an atom is the one we all know: a central nucleus with positive protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by orbiting negative electrons.<br />
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Before the Geiger Marsden experiment, the 'plum pudding' model of an atom was believed: a positive sphere contained negative electrons dotted inside. If this was true the alpha particles would have gone straight through the sheet of gold and all come out the other side.</div>
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What actually happened was that some were deflected at different angles, this showed that the positive alpha particles were being repelled by a positive charge and others were going through the space between the charged areas. The faster they hit it the faster they were repelled. This is where the idea was formed of a nucleus and orbiting electrons.</div>
HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com42tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-15879244242840593352013-05-08T08:33:00.000-07:002013-05-08T08:33:02.397-07:007.15 describe the results of Geiger and Marsden’s experiments with gold foil and alpha particlesAlpha radiation was beamed at a sheet of gold foil, a sheet of zinc sulphide surrounding the foil showed where the alpha particles ended up; a few went straight through, many were deflected at angles, some were deflected straight back.<br />
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<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXs61QYyU5o">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXs61QYyU5o</a>HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-47461678704113541852013-05-07T13:07:00.000-07:002013-05-07T13:07:01.057-07:007.14 describe the dangers of ionising radiations and describe how the associated risks can be reduced.<br />
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<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;">Radiation
can cause mutations in living organisms: radiation can damdge the stucture of a cells DNA, when the cell replicates the changes (mutation) will be passed on; this can be how cancer is caused.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 100%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Radiation
can damage cells and tissue: atoms can be change by radiation, this prohibits them functioning properly, this can mean cells and so tissue are damaged.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 100%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 100%;">The
problems arising in the disposal of radioactive waste: this waste emits radiation that, as shown above, can be dangerous. If the waste is put into water it can poison ecosystems, similarly with land. Radioactive waste tends to be </span></span><span style="line-height: 16px;">buried</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 100%;"> under the ground; with the thinking that when it is much less harmful it can be dug up and disposed of.</span></span></span></div>
HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-74403633965029754192013-05-07T12:59:00.002-07:002013-05-07T12:59:36.707-07:007.13 describe the uses of radioactivity in medical and non-medical tracers, in radiotherapy, and in the radioactive dating of archaeological specimens and rocksTracers- a radioactive source is put into a system (like a piping network), it will build up where there is a blockage a be detected, showing where a problem is.<br />
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Medical tracers- a radioactive source is put into a body and will build up at a blockage so an area of problem can be detected.<br />
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Radiotherapy- radiation is used to destroy unwanted cells (cancerous cells.)<br />
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Radioactive dating- aka carbon dating. The amount of radiation from an object is measured, the half life of the carbon is then used to see how old the object is. Archaeologists use this to tell the age of an object.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-91324121590391926812013-05-07T12:54:00.001-07:002013-05-07T12:54:16.624-07:007.12 use the concept of half-life to carry out simple calculations on activity<br />
Some people use equations to work out half life calculations, but you don't really need to. Make sure that you understand that half life is the time taken for the amount of radiation emitted to half; two half lives is the amount of time taken for the value to half twice (ect.)<br />
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The papers often contain half life graphs to interpret. Draw a line from half the value of the start point to the curve, draw down to the bottom line and you will get your half life. If you are doing this in an exam the mark scheme sometimes requires that you make it clear you were halfing the start number.. odd but there we go.<br />
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HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-80007396948176468262013-05-07T12:49:00.001-07:002013-05-07T12:49:57.729-07:007.11 understand the term ‘half-life’ and understand that it is different for different radioactive isotopesA half-life is the time it takes for the radiation emitted by a source to decrease by half.<br />
Half-lives are different for different sources of radiation.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-28484798701955475532013-05-07T12:42:00.001-07:002013-05-07T12:42:32.376-07:007.10 understand that the activity of a radioactive source decreases over a period of time and is measured in becquerelsThe radiation emitted by a radioactive source will decrease over time. Radiation is measured in becquerels.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-44006963010859649432013-05-07T12:40:00.000-07:002013-05-07T12:40:04.217-07:007.9 explain the sources of background radiationThere are so many sources of background radiation: different radioactive materials are in the environment.<br />
An example of this is boron in the soil which emits radiation; cosmic rays from space are radioactive too.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="50% radon gas from the ground, 12% buildings and the ground, 12% food and drink, 12% cosmic rays, 14% artificial sources - mainly cosmic rays, small amount of nuclear power and weapons test" height="181" src="http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/30_2_background_radiation_v2.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">bbc</td></tr>
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HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-41550978003307269452013-05-07T12:36:00.002-07:002013-05-07T12:36:46.719-07:007.8 understand that ionising radiations can be detected using a photographic film or a Geiger-Muller detectorRadiation imprints on camera film.<br />
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A Geiger-Muller detector (or GM counter) beeps in the presence, the more radiation the more frequent the beeps.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-22059538111218686662013-05-07T12:35:00.000-07:002013-06-07T09:11:26.500-07:007.7 understand how to complete balanced nuclear equationsNuclear equations show the atoms atomic number and atomic mass on one side and the radiation (with mass and number) and the new element (with mass and number.)<br />
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For example, uranium has experienced alpha decay:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/media/nuclear/ex_1.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">thinkquest</td></tr>
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Here lithium has experienced beta decay:</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR69nOBmS-7F8KKCahjKe0tcw9ApiRQcrpfJVL4D1dh0VXBQxZZ" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">hk-phy.org</td></tr>
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HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3575206229609164616.post-80277869831059597312013-05-07T12:31:00.000-07:002013-06-04T11:54:22.777-07:007.6 describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of each of the three main types of radiationAlpha makes an atom go down 2 on its atomic number and four on its atomic mass: it will change to the element with a the atomic number 2 less than it was.<br />
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When beta radiation occurs a neutron splits into a proton and a electron, the electron is emitted from the atom, but the proton stays in the nucleus: this changes the atomic number up one, the element becomes that with the next atomic number up. The mass number remains the same as a neutron- mass 1- became a proton- mass 1.<br />
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Gamma rays have no specific effect on the atomic or mass number.HannahHelphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03691395988069139300noreply@blogger.com4